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∵

because

Because sign

∵ means “because”: it introduces the reason for a mathematical claim. In proofs and notes, it comes before the explanation. Its traditional partner ∴ marks the result that follows.

Text symbol
Search it as
because symbol · inverted therefore · LaTeX because
Shows up in
Anything that takes text · its shape is whatever your font draws

What ∵ means

It means “because”: the reason follows. In a proof, “the result holds ∵ these conditions apply” puts the reason after the claim.

The mathematical publication The Gentleman's Mathematical Companion printed it in 1805; the convention emerged in Britain and the United States during the nineteenth century.

Fonts may vary the spacing or shape of the dots without changing the character.

Compact shorthand for proofs and notes; in general chat, readers may miss its meaning.

Check the dots: ∵ is because; ∴ is therefore.

Don't confuse it with

1
∴
Therefore
The inverted therefore sign ∴ places its point above the dots; ∵ places its point below them.

Questions people ask

1

Why does ∵ show as a box on some devices?

Because that device's fonts have no glyph for it. The character is still correct and still copies correctly — the box is a missing glyph, not a broken character.

How to type ∵

Windows (Word)
Alt+XType 2235, then Alt+X to get ∵.
Windows
Win+Rrun charmap for the full table, or use the emoji picker's Ω symbols tab (Win + .).
macOS
Control+Command+SpaceOpen the character viewer and search “because”.
Linux
Ctrl+Shift+UType 2235, then Enter or Space.
HTML
∵
CSS
\2235
LaTeX
For the because symbol in LaTeX, load `amssymb` and enter `\because` in math mode.
Codes and encoding1 code points
HTML decimal
∵
HTML hex
∵
CSS content
content: "\2235";
Each escape is closed by the next backslash; a trailing space is needed before a literal hex digit.
URL encoded
%E2%88%B5
1
On screen
1
Code points
1
JS .length
3
UTF-8 bytes

A visible symbol can contain several code points. JS .length counts UTF-16 units; UTF-8 counts bytes.

Families this belongs to

1

Maths & numbers1,835 symbols

1️⃣📏📐✖️➕➖➗🟰♾️#️⃣*️⃣0️⃣