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⨡

z notation schema projection

Z Notation Schema Projection

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⨡ is the schema projection operator of Z notation, a mathematical language for writing precise software specifications. S ⨡ T combines the conditions of schemas S and T but keeps only the variables named in T. It looks a bit like a rune or a little flag, but it is purely a maths operator.

Text symbol

What ⨡ means

It merges two schemas and keeps only the second one's variables. Z notation is a way of describing what a computer system must do using set theory and logic, built up at Oxford University from the late 1970s and used for safety-critical and high-assurance software. Its building block is the schema: a named box listing some variables and the conditions they must satisfy.

Writing S ⨡ T means: take everything S and T require together (as schema conjunction S T would), then hide every variable that is not declared in T. The result still carries S's rules, but from the outside you only see T's names. Specifiers use it to say "this must hold, but only these parts are visible" without listing what to hide one by one.

Part of collections

Don't confuse it with

2

Worth knowing

  • Unicode 3.2 added a batch of Z notation operators in 2002, the same year Z became the international standard ISO/IEC 13568.

Questions people ask

2

How is projection different from schema hiding?

Hiding names what to throw away; projection names what to keep, by pointing at a second schema whose variables survive.

Why does ⨡ show as a box?

Your font lacks it. Maths fonts such as Cambria Math or STIX Two include it.

How to type or find ⨡

Also called
schema projection · projection operator · Z projection
Search it as
Z notation · zproject · \project · Z projection symbol · formal specification symbol
Shows up in
Anything that takes text · its shape is whatever your font draws
Windows (Word)
⎇Alt+XType 2A21, then AltX to get ⨡.
Windows
⊞Win+Rrun charmap for the full table, or use the emoji picker's Ω symbols tab (Win .).
macOS
⌃Control+⌘Command+␣SpaceOpen the character viewer and search “z notation schema projection”.
Linux
⎈Ctrl+⇧Shift+UType 2a21, then Enter or Space.
HTML
⨡
CSS
\2A21
LaTeX for Z
Z LaTeX markup, such as Community Z Tools, writes it as \project.
Word (Windows)
Type 2A21, then press AltX.
HTML
Use ⨡ in a web page.
Codes and encoding1 code points
HTML decimal
⨡
HTML hex
⨡
CSS content
content: "\2A21";
Each escape is closed by the next backslash; a trailing space is needed before a literal hex digit.
URL encoded
%E2%A8%A1
1
On screen
1
Code points
1
JS .length
3
UTF-8 bytes

A visible symbol can contain several code points. JS .length counts UTF-16 units; UTF-8 counts bytes.

Families this belongs to

1

Maths & numbers1,835 symbols