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⌺

apl functional symbol quad diamond

APL Quad Diamond

⌺ applies a function to each rectangular window as it moves across an array in APL, a programming language built around arrays. Dyalog's 2026 reference calls it the Stencil operator; it handles local jobs such as summing each neighborhood.

Text symbol
Also called
quad diamond · APL stencil · Stencil operator
Search it as
⌺ · window operator · APL array window
Shows up in
Anything that takes text · its shape is whatever your font draws

What ⌺ means

It runs one operation over each local block of an array. Put the function on the left; give the window dimensions and array on the right. A 3 3 window covers three rows by three columns. At the edges, incomplete windows use the array's fill value—the value APL supplies where cells are missing.

APL grew from Kenneth Iverson's notation for describing algorithms; it became an interactive programming language in early 1966. A 2016 stencil design exercise proposed ⌺. It chose “stencil” over “tessellate” or “tile,” because those words suggest separate regions, while this operator's windows overlap.

The proposal drew on the cut operator in SHARP APL and J, two related array programming languages; that operator inspired the design but is not another name for ⌺.

How do I type the APL stencil symbol?

On Linux, use an APL keyboard layout or a Compose sequence. Dyalog's UNIX guide notes that, as of April 2017, a Linux desktop layout might lack a default single-key chord for ⌺. It lists a Compose sequence, an XKB mapping change (XKB is Linux's keyboard-layout system), or the overstrike form in Dyalog's editor, where a symbol is entered as a sequence of characters.

Don't confuse it with

3

Combination ideas

2
Add the values in each overlapping 3-by-3 neighborhood of mat.
Return each 3-by-3 neighborhood of mat as one nested value.

Questions people ask

1

Why does ⌺ show as a box on some devices?

Because that device's fonts have no glyph for it. The character is still correct and still copies correctly — the box is a missing glyph, not a broken character.

How to type ⌺

Windows (Word)
Alt+XType 233A, then Alt+X to get ⌺.
Windows
Win+Rrun charmap for the full table, or use the emoji picker's Ω symbols tab (Win + .).
macOS
Control+Command+SpaceOpen the character viewer and search “apl functional symbol quad diamond”.
Linux
Ctrl+Shift+UType 233a, then Enter or Space.
HTML
⌺
CSS
\233A
UTF-8 source file
⌺ is ordinary Unicode text in a UTF-8 source file; keyboard entry depends on the editor and input layout.
Dyalog on Linux
Use the Compose Quad Diamond sequence, add ⌺ to the XKB keyboard mapping, or enter its overstrike form in Dyalog's editor.
Codes and encoding1 code points
HTML decimal
⌺
HTML hex
⌺
CSS content
content: "\233A";
Each escape is closed by the next backslash; a trailing space is needed before a literal hex digit.
URL encoded
%E2%8C%BA
1
On screen
1
Code points
1
JS .length
3
UTF-8 bytes

A visible symbol can contain several code points. JS .length counts UTF-16 units; UTF-8 counts bytes.

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2

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