Rūmī Digit Nine

It marks nine in the Rūmī numeral system.

The earliest surviving mention dates to 952–53 CE, in al-Uqlīdisī’s arithmetic book from Damascus. During the 10th–17th centuries CE, the numerals served administration and commerce across North Africa and al-Andalus, Muslim-ruled parts of Iberia, numbering manuscript pages, chapters, and page bundles and appearing on astronomical instruments.

Moroccan legal and commercial records called later forms Fāsī or Fez signs. Proposed roots include Coptic or Greek-Coptic numerals (Egyptian Christian number writing), zimām signs, and medieval Iberian Mozarabic–Toledan numerals; these links remain debated.