Combining Right Arrowhead Above

In UPA, it marks under-long duration in the detailed convention. UPA is the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet, a way to record how Uralic words are pronounced. Half-long falls between short and long; under-long is longer than half-long but shorter than long.

A macron-based UPA convention uses a͐ for a half-long vowel and t͐ for a half-long consonant; another gives the mark the value short. Check the transcription key to see which convention applies.

Why did UPA need this mark?

It records pronunciation details ordinary spelling can miss. UPA lets specialists write pronunciation, sound patterns, and word histories across Uralic languages. Combining marks add detail to a letter, while plain text keeps the notation searchable.

Printed UPA examples date to 1901. Linguist E. N. Setälä proposed SUT, a more detailed UPA convention, in 1902. A cited 1977 UPA sample shows this mark in print.